Single-nucleus and spatial landscape of the sub-ventricular zone in human glioblastoma.

The sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) is the most well-characterized neurogenic area in the mammalian brain. We previously showed that in 65% of patients with glioblastoma (GBM), the SVZ is a reservoir of cancer stem-like cells that contribute to treatment resistance and emergence of recurrence. Here, we built a single-nucleus RNA-sequencing-based microenvironment landscape of the tumor mass (T_Mass) and the SVZ (T_SVZ) of 15 GBM patients and 2 histologically normal SVZ (N_SVZ) samples as controls. We identified a mesenchymal signature in the T_SVZ of GBM patients: tumor cells from the T_SVZ relied on the ZEB1 regulatory network, whereas tumor cells in the T_Mass relied on the TEAD1 regulatory network. Moreover, the T_SVZ microenvironment was predominantly characterized by tumor-supportive microglia, which spatially co-exist and establish heterotypic interactions with tumor cells. Lastly, differential gene expression analyses, predictions of ligand-receptor and incoming/outgoing interactions, and functional assays revealed that the IL-1ß/IL-1RAcP and Wnt-5a/Frizzled-3 pathways are therapeutic targets in the T_SVZ microenvironment. Our data provide insights into the biology of the SVZ in GBM patients and identify specific targets of this microenvironment.

Moderators of stress in parents of children with autism.

Parents of children with autism experience more stress and are more susceptible to negative outcomes than parents of children with other disabilities. The present work examines the relationship between stressors, social support, locus of control, coping styles, and negative outcomes (depression, social isolation, and spousal relationship problems) among parents of children with autism. Fifty-eight parents completed surveys. Results indicated that several coping styles corresponded to negative outcomes. Furthermore, the relationship between stressors and negative outcomes was moderated by social support and coping style. Results are discussed in relation to applications for clinical practice.

Team training in the skies: does crew resource management (CRM) training work?

The aviation community has invested great amounts of money and effort into crew resource management (CRM) training. Using D. L. Kirkpatrick's (1976) framework for evaluating training, we reviewed 58 published accounts of CRM training to determine its effectiveness within aviation. Results indicated that CRM training generally produced positive reactions, enhanced learning, and promoted desired behavioral changes. However, we cannot ascertain whether CRM has an effect on an organization's bottom line (i.e., safety). We discuss the state of the literature with regard to evaluation of CRM training programs and, as a result, call for the need to conduct systematic, multilevel evaluation efforts that will show the true effectiveness of CRM training. As many evaluations do not collect data across levels (as suggested by D. L. Kirkpatrick, 1976, and by G. M. Alliger, S. I. Tannenbaum, W. Bennett, Jr., & H. Traver, 1997), the impact of CRM cannot be truly determined; thus more and better evaluations are needed and should be demanded.

The design and delivery of crew resource management training: exploiting available resources.

Despite widespread acceptance throughout commercial and military settings, crew resource management (CRM) training programs have not escaped doubts about their effectiveness. The current state of CRM training is an example of how an entire body of pertinent research and development has not had the impact on practice that it could. In this paper we outline additional resources (i.e., principles, information, findings, and guidelines) from the team training and training effectiveness research literatures that can be used to improve the design and delivery of CRM training. Some of the resources discussed include knowledge about training effectiveness, training teamwork-related skills, scenario design, and performance measurement. We conclude with a discussion of emerging resources as well as those that need to be developed. The purpose of this paper is to provide the CRM training developer with better access to resources that can be applied to the design and delivery of CRM training programs.

Efficacy of relapse prevention: a meta-analytic review.

Although relapse prevention (RP) has become a widely adopted cognitive-behavioral treatment intervention for alcohol, smoking, and other substance use, outcome studies have yielded an inconsistent picture of the efficacy of this approach or conditions for maximal effectiveness. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the overall effectiveness of RP and the extent to which certain variables may relate to treatment outcome. Twenty-six published and unpublished studies with 70 hypothesis tests representing a sample of 9,504 participants were included in the analysis. Results indicated that RP was generally effective, particularly for alcohol problems. Additionally, outcome was moderated by several variables. Specifically, RP was most effective when applied to alcohol or polysubstance use disorders, combined with the adjunctive use of medication, and when evaluated immediately following treatment using uncontrolled pre-post tests.

Dual-task results and the lateralization of spatial orientation: artifact of test selection?

An investigation was conducted to identify the degree to which results regarding the lateralization of spatial orientation among men and women are artifacts of test selection. A dual-task design was used to study possible lateralization differences, providing baseline and dual-task measures of spatial-orientation performance, right- and left-hand tapping, and vocalization of "cat, dog, horse." The Guilford-Zimmerman Test (Guilford & Zimmerman, 1953), the Eliot-Price Test (Eliot & Price, 1976), and the Stumpf-Fay Cube Perspectives Test (Stumpf & Fay, 1983) were the three spatial-orientation tests used to investigate possible artifacts of test selection. Twenty-eight right-handed male and 39 right-handed female undergraduates completed random baseline and dual-task sessions. Analyses indicated no significant sex-related differences in spatial-orientation ability for all three tests. Furthermore, there was no evidence of differential lateralization of spatial orientation between the sexes.

It is not how much you have but how you use it: toward a rational use of simulation to support aviation training.

One of the most remarkable changes in aviation training over the past few decades is the use of simulation. The capabilities now offered by simulation have created unlimited opportunities for aviation training. In fact, aviation training is now more realistic, safe, cost-effective, and flexible than ever before. However, we believe that a number of misconceptions--or invalid assumptions--exist in the simulation community that prevent us from fully exploiting and utilizing recent scientific advances in a number of related fields in order to further enhance aviation training. These assumptions relate to the overreliance on high-fidelity simulation and to the misuse of simulation to enhance learning of complex skills. The purpose of this article is to discuss these assumptions in the hope of initiating a dialogue between behavioral scientists and engineers.

Retroperitoneal nonresective staple exclusion of abdominal aortic aneurysms: clinical outcome and fate of the excluded abdominal aortic aneurysms.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article was to prospectively study analyses outcome after staple exclusion of abdominal aneurysms with specific follow-up of the excluded aneurysm. Whether these data may predict behavior of aneurysms excluded from the circulation by transluminal grafting procedures is also addressed. METHODS: Staple exclusion of abdominal aneurysms with bypass via retroperitoneal incisions was performed in 100 consecutive patients undergoing elective procedures. Risk factors, clamp time, operative time, transfusions, length of stay, complications, platelets, fibrinogen, and fibrin split products were documented. Duplex imaging was performed quarterly for 1 year after exclusion and at least annually thereafter. Serial measurements of aneurysm size and evaluation for thrombosis was obtained. RESULTS: Aneurysm size averaged 5.5 cm. Risk factors included history of smoking (54%), history of heart disease (51%), hypertension (41%), hyperlipidemia (34%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (25%). Clamp time averaged 51 minutes. Forty-eight required no intraoperative transfusion, and 19 needed only autologous blood; the average 24-hour transfusion was 313 cc. Length of stay averaged 11 days, with a median of 8 days, and correlated with age, aneurysm size, and risk factors. The 30-day mortality rate was 4%. Death was associated with longer operative and anesthesia times and with age and risk factors. As calculated by life-table analysis to 5 years, 96.8% of aneurysms thrombosed. No aneurysm expanded, became symptomatic, nor ruptured. Perioperative platelet, fibrinogen, and fibrin split product assays show no evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation or consumptive coagulopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Staple exclusion and bypass of abdominal aneurysms as described in this study is safe and effective. There has been neither aneurysm expansion nor rupture, and the technique reliably leads to thrombosis of aneurysms without coagulopathy.

Secondary-task assessment of workload: neuropsychological considerations for applied psychology.

The secondary-task paradigm has enjoyed considerable success as an assessment technique for operators' workload. However, during the past several years experimental neuropsychologists have employed an almost identical paradigm in their research investigating cerebral lateralization of function. To date, these areas of literature have existed as relatively isolated bodies of work, largely due to the differences between the disciplines. In the present manuscript is a brief review of the results from neuropsychological secondary-task studies and a consideration of these results in terms of their implications for the measurement of operators' workload.

Clinical significance of aortic graft dilation.

To determine if there is a relationship between aortic graft dilation and graft complications, 443 serial ultrasound studies performed on 106 patients were analyzed. Of 443 studies, 243 were done retrospectively on 59 patients from 3 to 144 months (mean, 38 months) after graft implantation. Forty-seven additional patients were studied prospectively, with direct measurement of external graft diameter after aortic clamp release. Subsequent ultrasound examinations at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and then annually (n = 200) were routinely performed. Mean follow-up was 12 months (range, 3 to 48). Knitted double velour Dacron prostheses were used in all cases reported in this study. This cohort was culled from our ongoing graft surveillance program, which includes grafts of other materials and manufacturers. Comparison of the manufacturer's recorded box size with follow-up ultrasound measurements in all cases demonstrated a mean increase in graft diameter of 3.7 mm (23%). Little dilation occurred after 1 year. In 47 patients with direct graft diameter measurements taken after declamping, an immediate mean increase of 1.7 mm (11%) was noted. Dilation was not related to surgical indication (aneurysm vs occlusive disease) or hypertension. Analysis of the 10% segment of the series with the greatest dilation (mean, 39%) did not demonstrate a predilection for graft complications. No significant dilation was noted in the single cases encountered of femoral and iliac anastomotic aneurysms and perigraft seroma. Although dilation of knitted Dacron grafts is to be anticipated, no association between graft dilation and graft complications was found in this series.

Morphology of rat spinal motoneurons with normal and hormonally altered specificity.

Potential determinants of motoneuronal morphology were examined by using a sexually dimorphic, steroid-sensitive neuromuscular system in the rat spinal cord. In males, the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) innervates the perineal muscles bulbocavernosus (BC) and levator ani (LA), and the dorsolateral nucleus (DLN) innervates the ischiocavernosus muscle (IC). Adult females normally lack these motoneurons and the peripheral targets. Prenatal exposure of females to the androgen dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) partially masculinizes this neuromuscular system and alters moto-neuron-to-muscle specificity, resulting in retained SNB target muscles anomalously innervated by motoneurons in the DLN. Because the morphology of SNB and DLN motoneurons normally differs significantly, the influence of spinal cord location and peripheral target on motoneuron morphology can be directly compared. Injection of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CTHRP) into the LA of DHTP-treated females labeled motoneurons predominantly in the SNB. These (SNB-LA) motoneurons in DHTP females were identical in all morphological measures to those of normal males. CTHRP injection into the BC of DHTP females labeled motoneurons in both the SNB and the DLN. SNB-BC motoneurons in DHTP females resembled those of normal males in process number and orientation, but were significantly smaller in dendritic length per motoneuron and in soma size. The DLN motoneurons anomalously projecting to the BC in DHTP females differed significantly from SNB-BC motoneurons in soma size and number and orientation of primary processes. However, these motoneurons were identical in all respects to DLN-IC motoneurons in DHTP females; DLN-IC motoneurons were similar to those of normal males in the orientation of their dendritic arbor, but were significantly smaller in dendritic length, soma size, and number of primary processes. These comparisons make it clear that DHTP selectively affects motoneuronal specificity and morphology in specific motoneuron classes. Further, motoneuronal morphology in the SNB/DLN system appears to be influenced more by spinal cord location than by peripheral target.

Sex differences in the lateralization of spatial abilities: a spatial component analysis of extreme group scores.

Sex differences in the cerebral lateralization of two discrete components of spatial processing were investigated in high and low ability males and females using the dual-task paradigm. In the first phase of the experiment, the results indicated a pattern of right hemispheric control for a spatial visualization component, regardless of sex and ability level. In the processing of the spatial orientation component of spatial ability, high ability males and females showed left hemispheric lateralization, whereas low ability males and females displayed right hemispheric control. In the second phase of this study, it was observed that high ability females and low ability males may use a verbal mediation strategy in processing spatial visualization tasks. No verbal mediation effects were found for the spatial orientation component.

The effects of concurrent vocalization on foot and hand motor performance: a test of the functional distance hypothesis.

The effects of concurrent vocalization on hand and foot motor performance were examined in two dual-task experiments as a test of the functional distance hypothesis. No interference effects were found with either hand or foot tapping under two difficulty levels of verbal activity. There was no evidence of differential or asymmetrical interference patterns despite the differential functional and anatomical distances of these motor centers from the speech centers. Consequently, the data provided no support for the functional distance hypothesis.

Social support as a buffer of anxiety: an experimental analogue.

The anxiety-buffering role of social support was investigated using an experimental analogue. Undergraduate females (N = 75) were assigned to one of three conditions: tested alone, tested with a stranger, or tested with a friend. Subjects first completed the Perceived Social Support Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and a palmar sweat measure. They were then told that after a 5-min waiting period they would be asked to answer a number of personal questions while being videotaped. Subjects accompanied by a friend showed a smaller increase in state anxiety than the other two groups. There was no group difference on the palmar sweat measure. No significant relationship between perceived social support and changes in state anxiety was found.